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The study examined how individual words occurring in mediated messages affect listeners' emotional and cognitive responses. Scripts from actual radio advertisements were altered by replacing original words with target words that varied in valence—either positive, negative, or neutral. The scripts were then reproduced by nonprofessional speakers. Real-time processing of the target words was examined through the use of psychophysiological measures of dynamic emotional and cognitive responses collected from subjects ( n = 55) and time-locked to the stimuli. Recognition memory provided a measure of encoding efficiency. As predicted, listeners had greater frown muscle responses following the onset of negatively valenced words compared with positively valenced words. Results also showed that positively valenced words elicited orienting responses in listeners but negatively valenced words did not. Recognition data show that positively valenced words were encoded better than neutrally valenced words, followed by negatively valenced words, which was consistent with the finding for the impact of emotional words on orienting responses.

1. Psychophysiology in the context of media processes and effects research -- 2. Psychophysiology : theoretical assumptions and a history of the field -- 3. Key terms and concepts in psychophysiology -- 4. Psychophysiological measures of cognitive processing of media -- 5. Psychophysiological measures of emotional processing of media -- 6. Emerging psychophysiological measures for media research -- 7. Connecting psychophysiology to other measures of mediated message processing -- 8. On your own : setting up a media psychophysiology lab and conducting experiments -- 9. Psychophysiological measures and meaning : implications of current research and a peek at the future.

This study tested the validity of using facial electromyography (EMG) as a physiological measure of the valence of radio listeners' emotional responses to advertisements and explored the effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention and memory. A within-subjects experiment was conducted in which participants listened to ten 60-second radio advertisements that had been coded in a pretest as having either a positive or negative emotional tone. Facial EMG, heart rate, and skin conductance data were collected during exposure to the advertisements. Following exposure, participants completed free recall and recogniton memory tests. Results demonstrated the validity of using facial EMG to assess the valence of emotional response to media messages. Heart rate data suggest that negative messages receive more attention than positive ones. Furthermore, how arousing a message is appears to be a better predictor of memory than message valence.

Adoption of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and tablets) has popularized a neck-down posture during media consumption that is different from the traditional upright body posture for video viewing. A neck-down posture exerts substantial pressure upon the spine, and this posture has been previously linked to psychological effects. This study advances the literature by studying the impact of posture effects on processing audiovisual information. In a mixed design experiment ( N = 87), the effect of neck posture when viewing 24 video PSAs was tested using physiological and self-report measures. Multilevel modeling analyses of heart rate and corrugator data showed that spinal flexion lowered attentional engagement and caused incongruent emotional responses to the messages compared to a neutral spine posture. However, spinal-flexion participants exhibited greater skin conductance, counter to the predicted emotional disengagement. The impact of neck posture on message processing was largest at the beginning of the experiment and faded over time.

This study investigated how visual framing influences discrete emotional responses, empathy, behavioral intentions, and efficacy in reaction to visual solutions journalism. A 2 (story topic: drug addiction, homelessness) × 4 (visual frame condition: no photo, solution-only, problem-only, combination) mixed design experiment revealed that images showing only social problems elicited the lowest levels of compassion in viewers, challenging long-held assumptions about the utility of social problem imagery. Image pairs showing both problems and solutions were revealed to be effective at eliciting moderate levels of emotional response, including hope, compassion, and empathy.

ABSTRACTWe build on prior theory and research on electronic brainstorming to examine how achievement priming influences individual cognition leading to changes in individual behavior and ultimately team performance. We conducted a repeated measures experiment using electroencephalography with 53 subjects performing two brainstorming tasks. We found that priming altered cognition in the left and right regions of the frontal cortex; that is, achievement priming triggered cognition in areas of the brain related to creative and insightful cognition while the placebo treatment led to cognition in areas related to language production. Thus, priming did not induce "more" cognition, but rather triggered changes in the nature of cognition that led to significantly more ideas and more ideas that were highly novel, workable, and relevant. This study makes two contributions: it shows one theoretical pathway by which achievement priming works; and it show that priming using pictures improves idea generation.

Listeners exhibit orienting responses to voice changes in audio messages. However, the impact of pitch similarity between voices on the nature of the OR has not been explored. We conducted a 3 (Vocal Pitch) × 2 (Location of Change in Message) × 2 (Repetition) within-subjects experiment to address this question. Four non-professional announcers were selected based on differences in vocal pitch. Twelve radio commercials were produced using these announcers to include a single voice change—with either Low-, Medium-, or High-Pitch Differences. The voice changes occurred either within the first or last 20 seconds of the commercial. Heart rate and recognition memory data were collected from 41 subjects. Results show that vocal-pitch difference between speakers impacts automatic attention allocation via the orienting response, and recognition memory for the message is thereby affected. Furthermore, results suggest that having voice changes occur early in an audio message produces the best attentional result.

Abstract
Branded apps represent a new possibility for enhancing brand image and service satisfaction. Compared with other forms of advertising, branded apps are welcomed as useful. Consumers are often more engaged with such apps, and therefore their users tend to process brand-related information more deeply and for a longer time than during passive consumption of other media. Research confirmed that app interaction consistently improved brand attitude, purchase intention and involvement in the respective product category. Remarkably, not only the brand itself, but the general interest for the whole category, was positively affected. Even though the results are promising, there are some "real world" issues that might limit the branded app's success. First, it is becoming increasingly challenging for companies to ensure a new app is noticed when there are several hundred thousand others available. Second, to actually be used by consumers on a regular basis, the apps need to provide real benefits.